2018 May 24 python-tkinter

Tkinter 1 应用窗口

Reference

http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/tkinter-application-windows.htm
http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/widget.htm
http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/wm.htm

1 Class BaseWidget (Mics)

参考详细介绍 link, 可以被tk的实例化对象直接调用 (因为tk类继承了mics)

简介

baseWidget，获取一些基本信息，比如，获取窗口相关的一些信息，销毁窗口，剪切板的操作，事件的操作，焦点的设置和信息获取。

获取窗口相关的信息

winfo_atom, winfo_atomname, winfo_cells, winfo_children, winfo_class, winfo_colormapfull,winfo_containing, winfo_depth, winfo_exists, winfo_fpixels, winfo_geometry, winfo_height, winfo_id, winfo_interps, winfo_ismapped, winfo_manager, winfo_name, winfo_parent, winfo_pathname,winfo_pixels, winfo_pointerx, winfo_pointerxy, winfo_pointery, winfo_reqheight, winfo_reqwidth, winfo_rgb, winfo_rootx, winfo_rooty, winfo_screen, winfo_screencells, winfo_screendepth,winfo_screenheight, winfo_screenmmheight, winfo_screenmmwidth, winfo_screenvisual, winfo_screenwidth, winfo_server, winfo_toplevel, winfo_viewable, winfo_visual, winfo_visualid,winfo_visualsavailable, winfo_vrootheight, winfo_vrootwidth, winfo_vrootx, winfo_vrooty, winfo_width, winfo_x, winfo_y

比如获取窗口的大小，winfo_reqwidth()， winfo_reqwidth

获取屏幕大小，winfo_screenheight， winfo_screenheight()

事件相关

event_add, event_delete, event_generate, event_info

bind, bind_all, bind_class, bindtags

focus, focus_displayof, focus_force, focus_get, focus_lastfor, focus_set

tk_focusFollowsMouse, tk_focusNext, tk_focusPrev

2 窗口管理器(Class Wm)

参考详细介绍 link, 可以被tk的实例化对象直接调用 （因为tk类继承了wm类）

简介

Wm类包含一系列窗口管理相关的操作，比如设置窗口，位置，大小，是否可调，设置窗口图标，标题和属性，将函数和命令绑定，等等

设置窗口位置和大小

tk.Tk().geometry(size)
tk.Tk().resizable(width=None, height=None)

（resizable(0,0)表示窗口横向和纵向不可变。width和height都是布尔类型）
tk.Tk().maxsize()

tk.Tk().minsize()

import tkinter  as tk
  
def get_screen_size(window):
    return window.winfo_screenwidth(),window.winfo_screenheight()
  
def get_window_size(window):
    return window.winfo_reqwidth(),window.winfo_reqheight()
  
def center_window(root, width, height):
    screenwidth = root.winfo_screenwidth()
    screenheight = root.winfo_screenheight()
    size = '%dx%d+%d+%d' % (width, height, (screenwidth - width)/2, (screenheight - height)/2)
    print(size)
    root.geometry(size)
  
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('测试窗口')
center_window(root, 300, 240)
root.maxsize(600, 400)
root.minsize(300, 240)
ttk.Label(root, relief = tk.FLAT, text = '屏幕大小(%sx%s)\n窗口大小(%sx%s)' % (get_screen_size(root) + get_window_size(root))).pack(expand = tk.YES)
tk.mainloop()

设置窗口图标

在windows下，直接 root.iconbitmap('hello.ico')就行，但是该方法在Linux和mac上不能用
参考, Tkinter Logo的设置 error reading bitmap

3 应用窗口之菜单栏

可以通过Menu或Menubutton组件进行创建（Menubutton不推荐）。Menu主要通过add_command ， add_cascade 和add_separator函数来创建

from tkinter import *

def callback():
    print "called the callback!"

root = Tk()

# create a menu
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)

filemenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label="New", command=callback)
filemenu.add_command(label="Open...", command=callback)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=callback)

helpmenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=helpmenu)
helpmenu.add_command(label="About...", command=callback)

mainloop()

4 应用窗口之工具栏

可以通过创建Frame组件，然后在Frame上放置一些Button组件来实现工具栏

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

def callback():
    print "called the callback!"

# create a toolbar
toolbar = Frame(root)

b = Button(toolbar, text="new", width=6, command=callback)
b.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2)

b = Button(toolbar, text="open", width=6, command=callback)
b.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2)

toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)

mainloop()

5 应用窗口之状态栏

一般在应用程序的底部都会有状态栏，显示一些状态信息。它可以通过一下方式实现

直接通过创建Label组件，然后修改其Text属性来显示状态信息

status = Label(master, text=s "", bd=1, relief=SUNKEN, anchor=W)
status.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)

通过自定义/创建状态栏类来实现，如下

from tkinter import *

class StatusBar(Frame):

    def __init__(self, master):
        Frame.__init__(self, master)
        self.label = Label(self, bd=1, relief=SUNKEN, anchor=W)
        self.label.pack(fill=X)

    def set(self, format, *args):
        self.label.config(text=format % args)
        self.label.update_idletasks()

    def clear(self):
        self.label.config(text="")
        self.label.update_idletasks()
        
root = Tk()
status = StatusBar(root)
status.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)

菜单栏工具栏状态栏

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
'''
Python GUI with Tkinter-11-Adding the Status Bar
'''
from Tkinter import *
 
def doNothing():
    print("ok ok I won't...")
 
root = Tk()
 
# ***** Main Menu *****
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)
 
subMenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=subMenu)
subMenu.add_command(label="New Project...", command=doNothing)
subMenu.add_command(label="New...", command=doNothing)
subMenu.add_separator()
subMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=doNothing)
 
editMenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=editMenu)
editMenu.add_command(label="Redo", command=doNothing)
 
# ***** Toolbar *****
 
toolbar = Frame(root, bg="blue")
 
insertBtn = Button(toolbar, text="Insert Image", command=doNothing)
insertBtn.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2)
printBtn = Button(toolbar, text="Print", command=doNothing)
printBtn.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2)
 
toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)
 
# ***** Status Bar *****
 
status = Label(root, text="Preparing to do nothing...", bd=1, relief=SUNKEN, anchor=W)
status.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)
 
root.geometry('500x300')
root.mainloop()